- At one time, prospective lawyers clamored to attend law school.
- Being a lawyer or a doctor were the two most desirous professions in the country.
- However, it no longer is that way, particularly with increasing rates of bar exam failures.
- Keep reading this article to find out what the law school brain drain is and how it can be attributed to failing bar exams.
For years, those in the legal community have heard about the Great Law School Brain Drain. The ominous-sounding phrase describes the exodus of qualified law students due to low bar passage rates and an influx of law school students with LSAT scores less than 150.
"The story could be that better-credentialed college graduates are turning away from going to law school, because they feel they have other opportunities that they feel are more attractive," Paul Caron, editor of TaxProf Blog, said to ABA Journal.
Caron told the publication that the number of applicants with high LSAT scores of 175 to 180 dropped by 23% in 2016. Researchers found that before 2010 to 2015, the number of applicants with a 150 score or less increased while the number of applicants with a high score of 165+ has fallen (See chart below).
These stats are troublesome. If the best and the brightest are choosing to not become lawyers, then what does this mean for the legal industry? Even more important, how can we fix the problem? First, we must examine why qualified people are choosing not to go to law school.
Why are the smartest people opting out of law?
There once was a time when people clamored to attend law school. It was the go-to prestigious career choice for anyone who didn’t want to become a doctor. But things changed after the economic crash in 2008. Initially, potential students rushed to apply to law schools, worried about the lack of jobs in other sectors, and law schools reported an uptick in applications in 2010, according to The New York Times. “When job creation slows, there’s an increase in the number of people who pursue a graduate degree,” said David G. Payne of Educational Testing Service. But that high came to an eventual crash in a few years, when students realized that the legal industry had also tightened its belt, leaving fewer jobs on the table. Law students who graduated after the recession learned that they had few job options but were stuck with six-figure law school education debts. Consequently, numerous essays were published, which urged people to avoid law school.
“At some point in their life, everyone thinks they should go to law school. You may in fact think you want to go to law school now,” Tucker Max wrote in the Huffington Post in 2013. “You’re wrong.”
Max, a New York Times bestselling author who was also an attorney, ignored advice from lawyers who informed him that the profession was grueling and not rewarding. Two years later, attorney Amanda Taub seconded Max’s essay with her own in Vox. She stated that unless one really, really wanted to become a lawyer then attending law school was not worth one’s time, energy, or money.
“A law degree is not a "great all-purpose degree." That’s a lie put about by parents who are trying to lure their children into middle-class professions and by law schools who want their money. A J.D. is not an all-purpose degree. It is a law degree. It does not qualify you to become a diplomat, a "senior policy adviser" to anything, a politician, a banker, an aid worker, a political operative, or any of those other jobs that seem like they might be a fun way to satisfy your West Wing fantasies. It qualifies you to be a lawyer,” Taub wrote.
So for anyone who wasn’t 100% certain that they wanted to be the next Sandra Day O’Conner, Johnnie Cochran, Alan Dershowitz, or any other famous attorney that fits your fancy, jobs with similar pay but better work-life balance became much more appealing. In fact, a lawyer was once a top-listed job on U.S. News and World Reports’ annual Best Jobs list, but in 2014, the publication ranked manicurist as a better occupation than a lawyer. Three years later, lawyer dropped on the list again, with medical and tech jobs outshining it.
Harrison Barnes of BCG Attorney Search, one of the country’s leading legal recruitment agencies, has interviewed and placed thousands of attorneys in jobs across the country. He said that many attorneys are unhappy and wish they could change careers.
“I honestly believe that practicing law makes many people go crazy. There are just too many stressful factors for most attorneys to handle this profession well,” Barnes said.
Barnes’ statement is backed up by research that has shown attorneys are likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, and drug and alcohol abuse. Causes for this include constant exposure to conflict, working too many hours, working in unfriendly environments, and loss of communication with loved ones. With that kind of reputation, no wonder intelligent people are avoiding the practice of law.
What are the effects of the law school brain drain?
Because law school has become less attractive to qualified candidates, non-elite law schools began accepting students with lower LSAT scores and GPAs. From 2010 to 2015, the number of academically-talented students in law nearly halved, and according to The Daily Mail, “law professors claim the figures clearly show that standards are slipping, leading to claims lawyers are becoming dumber.” This decline of intelligence is not only harming the profession but also harming graduates who cannot pass the bar and get a job.
“The top is eroding and the bottom is growing. Four years from now, when those people graduate and take the bar, you'll have a much smaller percentage who are likely to pass the bar and a much larger percentage that are likely to fail,” Professor Jerome Organ of the University of St. Thomas School of Law told Bloomberg.
Failing the bar exam is devastating to any young, aspiring lawyer, and the numbers show that a high percentage of people are failing. In 2016, only 49% of February test-takers and only 62% of July examinees passed the bar exam, according to the National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE). Those who didn’t pass their first time had the honor of joining the club that has Franklin D. Roosevelt, Hillary Clinton, Michelle Obama, Harry Truman, Ed Koch, and numerous other famous people as members; but in those moments, it’s hard to see the light at the end of the tunnel. Many who fail the test report feeling depressed and anxious about their future.
How can law schools make themselves more appealing to high-scoring students?
To fix the law school brain drain, law schools must get more academically-talented students enrolled and stop accepting students with low scores. But that is easier said than done when the profession is no longer as appealing. However, all hope is not lost if law schools enact the following:
- Accept GRE Scores
In 2016, the University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law became the first law school to accept the GRE; and since then, heavy hitters such as Columbia, Northwestern, and Georgetown have also allowed students to take the GRE instead of the LSAT. In September of 2017, Kaplan Test Prep said they noticed that law schools accepting the GRE were a growing trend.
“Kaplan Test Prep’s 2017 law school admissions officers survey shows more law schools warming up to the idea of allowing applicants to submit GRE scores instead of LSAT scores. According to the responses of 128 law schools across the United States, 25 percent say it’s an admissions policy they plan to implement, up from just 14 percent in Kaplan’s 2016 survey; 45 percent say they have no plans to do so, a drop from 56 percent who ruled it out in last year’s survey; and 30 percent are not sure, the same as in 2016,” Kaplan wrote in September.
Washington University in St. Louis announced in October of 2017 that it was also accepting the GRE. The school stated that the purpose of this was to diversify its candidate pool by attracting students with backgrounds normally not found in law.
“WashULaw wants to appeal to the best students in the country and the world, regardless of their academic, professional or personal background,” Nancy Staudt, Dean of the Howard & Caroline Cayne Professor of Law, said in a school press release. “The class beginning this fall was one of the most accomplished and diverse in the history of WashULaw. The decision to accept the GRE will continue to build on these efforts, making the admissions process even more accessible to highly qualified and motivated students of all backgrounds interested in pursuing a legal education.”
- Increase Measures to Attract People with Backgrounds in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics)
Our world is getting more technologically advanced, and many brilliant minds are choosing to enter the glamorous and high-paying tech industry instead of choosing law. This is a problem, legal experts say, and these minds could actually use their STEM-backgrounds to become patent attorneys, litigators, or tech company general counsel.
"We are sorely under-represented in people with quantitative and science backgrounds," Robert Anderson, a professor at Pepperdine University School of Law, said to Findlaw. "It's harming our law schools and draining us of the intellectual rigor that could otherwise be there, and it's reducing our students' employment prospects."
To attract these students, law schools such as Harvard are taking big steps. For one, allowing the GRE opens the admissions process for candidates with those credentials, and Harvard is also actively recruiting and changing their marketing tools to cater to STEM applicants.
“We’re helping applicants to understand that we understand that a GPA in a STEM major often looks different than one for a humanities major. There tend to be different curves for those classes, and therefore an overall GPA may look different,” law School chief admissions officer Jessica L. Soban said to The Crimson. “We’re leveling the playing field.”
Additionally, Harvard launched the Junior Deferral Program in 2013, which allows Harvard College juniors two years of law school deferment in order to work in any field, including engineering or tech. While Harvard is Harvard and thus isn’t hurting from the brain drain like most other law schools, they still provide an example of how important it is for educational institutions to focus on an intellectual community that may not have considered a legal career in the past.
- Offer Better Financial Aid
Law schools are notoriously expensive. JD Journal reported in 2015 that the most expensive law school, Thomas Jefferson School of Law, on average left its students with $172,726 in debt. The least expensive school, the University of Hawaii-Manoa, was a fraction of that cost but still pricey--$54,988. With the cost of law school guaranteed to be a whopper, it is no wonder that many people avoid it.
"I think students have a difficult decision to make," Richard Alderman from the University of Houston Law Center said to The Houston Chronicle. "These 23 to 24-year-olds trying to figure out what makes the most sense for me economically when it comes to going to law school. It's no longer just the quality of the school. The cost of the school enters into it. The likelihood of getting a job and a salary also enters into it."
If law schools want to appeal to more people with good grades and high LSAT scores, they need to cut their costs, offer more merit-based scholarships, or slice programs to two years instead of three. Graduates of law school who do not take BigLaw firm jobs are not guaranteed high pay, and with that uncertainty, the cost of entry into the profession is holding talented people back.
“While some argue that going to law school is still a safe bet, little evidence exists to support this position. The most elite law schools — the top 1 percent — will thrive. The other 99 percent: not so much,” Emory University School of Law professor Dorothy Brown told The Washington Post.
Conclusion
Overall, attending law school with a low GPA and/or low LSAT scores is an unwise decision, and it is up to law schools to stop thinking of money first and do what is ultimately best for the profession, their reputation, and the well-being of those students.
“There's no question that schools have a moral imperative to consider the likelihood of success and the burden placed upon the students they admit, whether that’s debt loads or probability of passing the Bar,” Derek Muller, professor of Pepperdine University School of Law, said.
See the following articles for more information:
- 26 Tips To Crushing The Last Two Weeks Before The Bar Exam
- Why Are Bar Passage Rates Declining?
- Which State Has The Most Difficult Bar Exam?
- The Different Types Of Bar Exams
